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희토류의 가치성과 사업성

content9090 2025. 4. 4. 17:06
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희토류는 여러 산업 분야에서 필수적인 소재로 사용되는 17개의 금속 원소를 포함하며, 그 물리적·화학적 특성으로 인해 전 세계의 기술 개발과 경제 성장에서 중요한 역할을 이미 수행하고 있으며, 앞으로도 지속적으로 더 많은 분야에서 활용 가능성이 예상됩니다. 본 보고서는 세계 주요 희토류 매장지, 희토류의 가치성, 개발 가능 사업, 과학적 물리적 특성을 기반으로 한 활용 가능 분야 및 희토류 시장 점유율에 대한 상세한 내용을 다룹니다.


 세계 희토류 매장지
희토류는 지구 전역에 매장되어 있지만, 특정 국가들이 주요 예비 매장량과 생산량에서 우위를 점하고 있습니다.


- **중국**: 세계에서 가장 많은 희토류 매장량을 보유하고 있으며, 추정 매장량은 약 4,400만 톤에 달합니다. 또한 2024년 기준으로 세계 생산량의 약 70%를 차지하고 있습니다 [6] [12] [14] . 이는 글로벌 공급 사슬에서 중국의 독점적 입지를 나타냅니다.

 
- **베트남**: 희토류 보유량은 약 2,200만 톤으로 세계 2위를 기록했으며, 최근 생산량 증대로 인해 국제 시장에서의 영향력이 급격히 성장하고 있습니다 [14] .


- **러시아와 브라질**: 각각 약 1,000만 톤과 2,100만 톤의 희토류를 보유하며, 특히 브라질은 2024년 최초 상업적 생산을 시작한 Pela Ema 광산으로 주목받고 있습니다 [14] .

- **미국**: 매장량은 1,800만 톤이며, 유일한 운영 광산인 캘리포니아의 Mountain Pass 광산을 통해 생산합니다. 그러나 대부분의 정련 및 가공은 중국 의존도가 높다는 점이 문제로 지적됩니다 [13] [14] .

- **호주**: 희토류 매장량 약 570만 톤으로 세계 4위이며, Lynas Rare Earths를 포함한 주요 기업들이 운영하며 시장의 비중을 점차 확대하고 있습니다 [14] .

희토류 종류와 용도


희토류의 가치성과 경제적 중요성
희토류는 독특한 물리적·화학적 특성 덕분에 고부가가치 소재로 평가받으며, 이는 경제적 중요성을 크게 높입니다.


- **전기·자기적 특성**: 희토류 원소는 강력한 자성을 생성할 수 있어 네오디뮴(Nd)과 프라세오디뮴(Pr)이 포함된 영구 자석을 통해 다양한 산업에서 사용됩니다. 예로는 전기 모터, 풍력 터빈, 전장 장비 등이 있습니다 [13] .

전기자기 광섬유


- **광학적 특성**: 유로퓸, 테르븀, 이트륨은 발광성이 뛰어나 LCD, LED, 형광등 제조에 핵심적인 원소로 쓰입니다 [13] .

- **촉매적 특성**: 란탄과 세륨은 석유 정제 및 자동차 배출가스 정화 기술에 필수적입니다. 촉매 작용을 통해 고도화된 정유 및 환경 기술을 지원합니다 [13] .  희토류 원소는 첨단기기 제조와 청정에너지 제조에 필수적이다.


- **시장 전망**: 글로벌 희토류 시장 규모는 2031년까지 115억 달러에 이를 것으로 예상되며, 연 평균 성장률은 10.2%로 매우 높은 성장성을 보여줍니다 [13] .

 희토류를 이용하여 개발 가능한 사업 분야
희토류는 그 특성에 기반하여 다양한 사업 개발 가능성을 제공합니다.

- **청정 에너지 기술**: 풍력 터빈과 전기 자동차에 필요한 영구 자석 생산에 필수 원소로 쓰이며, 차세대 에너지 전환의 핵심 요소로 자리 잡고 있습니다 [13] .


- **방위 산업**: 레이더 시스템, 항공 전자 장비, 스텔스 기술에 희토류 소재가 활용되며, 특히 F-35 스텔스 전투기에 약 400kg의 희토류가 필요합니다 [13] .

- **전자 제품**: 스마트폰, 디지털 카메라, 컴퓨터 등 소비자 전자 제품의 기초 구성 요소로 사용되며, 희토류 소재 개발이 이 산업의 발전을 지원합니다 [13] .

- **배터리 기술**: 하이브리드 및 전기차용 니켈금속 수소 배터리(Nickel Metal Hydride Battery)의 음극 소재로 약 10~15kg의 란탄이 사용됩니다 [13] .


 희토류의 과학적·물리적 특성과 활용 가능성
희토류는 물리적·화학적 특성으로 인해 연구 및 산업에서 적극적으로 활용되고 있습니다.

국내개발


- **결정 구조**: 대부분 육방조밀 구조(HCP) 또는 입방조밀 구조(FCC) 형태를 가지며, 원자 구조에 따라 밀도와 자성에 영향을 미칩니다 [5] [32] .


- **전기저항**: 희토류 금속은 전기저항이 다양한 폭(25~131 μΩ-cm)으로 변동하며, 전도성 및 초전도적 응용 가능성을 제공합니다 [5] .

- **자기적 특성**: 4f 전자가 불균일하게 배열된 금속은 강력한 자성능력을 가지며, 특히 Gd(가돌리늄)는 상온에서 강자성을 보입니다 [5] .


- **열적 특성**: 희토류 금속은 온도 변화에 따라 열팽창 특성이 나타나며, 고온 응용 연구 및 고출력 장비 설계에 적합합니다 [5] .

대한민국 국내기업 베트남과 희토류 계약성사


세계시장 점유율과 전망
세계 희토류 시장 점유율은 중국이 압도적으로 우위를 점하고 있습니다.


- **중국의 독점적 위치**: 중국은 세계 생산량의 약 60%와 처리량의 90%를 차지하며 글로벌 가격을 통제하고 있습니다 [13] . 또한 정부 정책을 통해 생산 제한과 매장량 관리를 강화하여 장기적 경쟁력을 유지하려 합니다 [14] .

- **미국과 호주의 대체 가능성**: 미국, 호주 등 일부 국가들은 희토류 생산국으로 성장하고 있으며, 시장 의존도를 낮추기 위한 대안으로 제시되고 있습니다 [14] .

- **기술 개발과 재활용**: 희토류 재활용 기술 개발은 환경 영향을 줄이면서 공급망 안정성을 강화시킬 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있으며, 이는 장기적인 시장 성장에 기여할 것으로 기대됩니다 [13] .

<mark>결론적으로, 희토류는 기술 발전과 경제 성장에 있어 핵심적인 자원으로 평가되며, 미래에도 특히 청정 에너지와 방위 산업 분야에서 그 활용이 계속 확대될 것으로 보입니다.</mark>

출처 :
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